New Zealand Labour Party

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New Zealand Labour Party
Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa
Abbreviation
NZLP
President
Nigel Haworth[1]
General Secretary
Andrew Kirton[1]
Leader
Jacinda Ardern
Deputy Leader
Kelvin Davis
Founded
7 July 1916; 102 years ago (7 July 1916)
Merger of
United Labour Party,
Social Democratic Party
Headquarters
Fraser House,
160–162 Willis St,
Wellington 6011
Youth wing
Young Labour

LGBT+ wing

Rainbow Labour
Ideology
Social democracy[2][3]
Political position
Centre-left[4][5]
International affiliation
Progressive Alliance[6]
Colours
     Red
Slogan
Let's Do This[7]
MPs in the House of Representatives


46 / 120


Website

www.labour.org.nz

  • Politics of New Zealand

  • Political parties

  • Elections








The New Zealand Labour Party (Māori: Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa),[8] or simply Labour (Reipa), is a centre-left political party in New Zealand.[4] The party's platform programme describes its founding principle as democratic socialism,[9] while observers describe Labour as social-democratic and pragmatic in practice.[2][3] It is a participant of the international Progressive Alliance.[6]


The New Zealand Labour Party was formed in 1916 by various socialist parties and trade unions. It is thus the country's oldest political party still in existence.[10] With its historic rival, the New Zealand National Party, Labour has dominated New Zealand governments since the 1930s.[11] To date, there have been six periods of Labour government under ten Labour prime ministers.


The party was first in power from 1935 to 1949, when it established New Zealand's welfare state. It governed from 1957 to 1960, and again from 1972 to 1975, but only stayed in for one term each. In government from 1984 to 1990, Labour privatised state assets and reduced the role of the state in the economy. Labour also led various coalition governments from 1999 to 2008, in which it adopted a centrist position.[citation needed]


Since the 2008 general election, Labour has comprised the second-largest caucus represented in the New Zealand Parliament. In the 2017 general election, the party under Jacinda Ardern returned to prominence with its best showing since the 2005 general election, winning 36.9% of the party vote and 46 seats.[12] On 19 October 2017, Labour formed a minority coalition government with New Zealand First, with confidence and supply from the Green Party. Jacinda Ardern currently serves as Labour Party Leader and Prime Minister, and Kelvin Davis is Deputy Leader.




Contents





  • 1 History

    • 1.1 Formation

      • 1.1.1 Electoral record of constituent parties pre-1916 Labour



    • 1.2 Early years


    • 1.3 First Government (1935–1949) and opposition


    • 1.4 Second Government (1957–1960) and opposition


    • 1.5 Third Government (1972–1975) and opposition


    • 1.6 Fourth Government (1984–1990) and opposition


    • 1.7 Fifth Government (1999–2008) and opposition


    • 1.8 Sixth Government (2017–present)



  • 2 Ideology

    • 2.1 Principles


    • 2.2 Voter base



  • 3 Organisation

    • 3.1 Party structure


    • 3.2 Affiliated trade unions


    • 3.3 Young Labour


    • 3.4 Local government



  • 4 Electoral results

    • 4.1 Parliamentary


    • 4.2 Auckland local government



  • 5 Leadership

    • 5.1 List of leaders


    • 5.2 List of deputy leaders



  • 6 List of presidents


  • 7 See also


  • 8 Notes


  • 9 References


  • 10 External links




History



The New Zealand Labour Party was established on 7 July 1916 in Wellington,[10] bringing together socialist groups advocating proportional representation, the abolition of the country quota, the "recall" of Members of Parliament, as well as the nationalisation of production and of exchange.[13] Despite its Wellington origins, the West Coast town of Blackball is often regarded as the birthplace of the party,[14] as it was the location of the founding of one of the main political organisations which became part of the nascent Labour Party. The party was created by, and has always been influenced by, the trade unions, and in practice Labour Party politicians regard themselves as part of a broader labour movement and tradition.[15]



Formation


















































































Socialist
Party
(1901)

Independent
Political
Labour
League
(1905)
(independents)
Labour Party
(original)
(1910)

United Labour
Party
(1912)

Social Democratic
Party
(1913)
(remnants)

Labour Party (1916)

The New Zealand Labour Party was an amalgamation of a number of early groups, the oldest of which was founded in 1901. The process of unifying these diverse groups into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong.[16]


At the turn of the century, the radical side of New Zealand working class politics was represented by the Socialist Party, founded in 1901. The more moderate leftists were generally supporters of the Liberal Party.[17] In 1905, a group of working class politicians who were dissatisfied with the Liberal approach established the Independent Political Labour League,[18] which managed to win a seat in Parliament in the 1908 election.[19][20] This established the basic dividing line in New Zealand's left-wing politics – the Socialists tended to be revolutionary and militant, while the moderates focused instead on progressive reform.[21]


In 1910, the Independent Political Labour League was relaunched as an organisation called the Labour Party, distinct from the modern party. Soon, however, the leaders of the new organisation decided additional effort was needed to promote left-wing cooperation, and organised a "Unity Conference". The Socialists refused to attend, but several independent labour activists agreed. The United Labour Party was born.[21]


Soon afterwards, the labour movement was hit by the Waihi miners' strike, a major industrial disturbance prompted by radicals in the union movement.[22] The movement was split between supporting and opposing the radicals, and in the end, the conservative government of William Massey suppressed the strike by force. In the strike's aftermath, there was a major drive to end the divisions in the movement and establish a united front – another Unity Conference was called, and this time the Socialists attended.[22] The resulting group was named the Social Democratic Party.


Not all members of the United Labour Party accepted the new organisation, however, and some continued on under their own banner. Gradually, however, the differences between the Social Democrats and the ULP Remnant broke down, and in 1915 they formed a unified caucus both to better oppose Reform and to differentiate themselves from the Liberals.[23] A year later yet another gathering was held. This time, all major factions of the labour movement agreed to unite, establishing the modern Labour Party.[24]



Electoral record of constituent parties pre-1916 Labour




















































































Term
Electorate
Party
Elected MPs

1908–1910

17th

Wellington East

Ind. Labour League

David McLaren
1910–1911

Changed allegiance to:

Labour
1911–1912

18th

Wellington South

Labour

Alfred Hindmarsh
1912–1914

Changed allegiance to:

United Labour
1914–1916

19th

Wellington South

United Labour
1911–1914

18th

Grey Lynn

Labour

John Payne
1914–1916

19th
Grey Lynn

Independent Labour
1916

Changed allegiance to:

Independent

1911–1913

18th

Otaki

Labour

John Robertson
1913–1914

Changed allegiance to:

Social Democrat
1911–1912

18th

Wanganui

Independent Labour

Bill Veitch
1912–1914

Changed allegiance to:

United Labour
1914–1916

19th
Wanganui

United Labour
1916

Changed allegiance to:

Independent

1913–1914

18th

Grey

Social Democrat

Paddy Webb

1914–1916

19th
Grey

Social Democrat

1913–1914

18th

Lyttelton

Social Democrat

James McCombs

1914–1916

19th

Lyttelton

Social Democrat

1914–1916

19th

Dunedin North

United Labour

Andrew Walker


Early years


Almost immediately, the new Labour Party became involved in the acrimonious debate about conscription, which arose during World War I – the Labour Party strongly opposed conscription,[25] several leading members were jailed and expelled from Parliament for their stand against the war: Peter Fraser, Harry Holland, Bob Semple and Paddy Webb.[26] The loss of leadership threatened to seriously destabilise the party, but the party survived.[26] (Fraser, Semple and Webb later supported conscription in World War II.[26])


In its first real electoral test as a united party, the 1919 election, Labour won eight seats – the party's quick success shocked many conservatives.[27] This compared with 47 for the governing Reform Party and 21 for the Liberal Party.[28]


Although Labour had split with its more militant faction, (who went on to form various socialist parties) it maintained what were at the time radical socialist policies. Labour's 'Usehold' policy on land was in essence the replacement of freehold tenure by a system of perpetual lease from the state, with all land transfer conducted through the state (the full nationalisation of farmland). This policy was unpopular with voters and was dropped by Labour, along with other more radical policies, throughout the 1920s.[21]




Members of the Labour parliamentary caucus, 1922. Prominent members are Harry Holland (seated, left of centre), Peter Fraser (seated, right of centre) and Michael Joseph Savage (back row, rightmost).


In the 1922 election, Labour more than doubled its number of seats, winning seventeen. In the 1925 election, it declined somewhat, but had the consolation of soon overtaking the Liberals as the second largest party. Harry Holland became the official Leader of the Opposition on 16 June 1926, after the Eden by-election on 15 April elected Rex Mason (Labour) to replace James Parr (Reform) who had resigned. After the 1928 election, however, the party was left in an advantageous position – the Reform Party and the new United Party (a revival of the Liberals) were tied on 27 seats each, and neither could govern without Labour support. Labour chose to back United, the party closest to its own views – this put an end to five terms of Reform Party government.[29]


The rigours of the Great Depression brought Labour considerable popularity, but also caused tension between Labour and the United Party. In 1931, United passed a number of economic measures which Labour deemed hostile to workers, and the agreement between the two parties collapsed. United then formed a coalition government with Reform, making Labour the Opposition. The coalition retained power in the 1931 election, but gradually, the public became highly dissatisfied with its failure to resolve the country's economic problems. In the 1935 election, the Labour Party won a massive victory, gaining 53 seats to the coalition's 19.


Several of the early Labour Party stalwarts were Australian-born: Alfred Hindmarsh, Harry Holland, Michael Joseph Savage, Bob Semple, Paddy Webb, Bill Parry and later Jerry Skinner, Mabel Howard and Hugh Watt.



First Government (1935–1949) and opposition





Members of the First Labour Government, on the steps of the Parliamentary Library, Wellington


Michael Joseph Savage, leader of the party, became Prime Minister on 6 December 1935, marking the beginning of Labour's first term in office. The new government quickly set about implementing a number of significant reforms, including a reorganisation of the social welfare system and the creation of the state housing scheme.[30] Workers also benefited from the introduction of the forty hour week, and legislation making it easier for unions to negotiate on their behalf.[31] Savage himself was highly popular with the working classes, and his portrait could be found on the walls of many houses around the country.[32] At this time the Labour Party pursued an alliance with the Māori Rātana movement.[33]


The opposition, meanwhile, attacked the Labour Party's more left-wing policies, and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work. The year after Labour's first win, the Reform Party and the United Party took their coalition to the next step, agreeing to merge with each other. The combined organisation was named the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years.[34]


Labour also faced opposition from within its ranks. While the Labour Party had been explicitly socialist at its inception, it had been gradually drifting away from its earlier radicalism. The death of the party's former leader, the "doctrinaire" Harry Holland, had marked a significant turning point in the party's history. Some within the party, however, were displeased about the changing focus of the party, most notably John A. Lee. Lee, whose views were a mixture of socialism and social credit theory, emerged as a vocal critic of the party's leadership, accusing it of behaving autocratically and of betraying the party's rank and file. After a long and bitter dispute, Lee was expelled from the party, establishing his own breakaway Democratic Labour Party.[35]


Savage died in 1940, and was replaced by Peter Fraser, who became Labour's longest-serving Prime Minister. Fraser is best known as New Zealand's leader for most of World War II. In the post-war period, however, ongoing shortages and industrial problems cost Labour considerable popularity, and the National Party, under Sidney Holland, gained ground although Labour was able to win the 1943 and 1946 elections. Finally, in the 1949 elections, Labour was defeated.[36]


Fraser died shortly afterwards, and was replaced by Walter Nash, the long-serving Minister of Finance.[37] It was to be some time before Labour would return to power, however – Nash lacked the charisma of his predecessors, and National won considerable support for opposing the "industrial anarchy" of the 1951 waterfront dispute. In the 1957 election, however, Labour won the narrowest of victories, and returned to office.



Second Government (1957–1960) and opposition



Nash, Labour's third prime minister, took office in late 1957. Upon coming to power, Labour decided that drastic measures were needed to address balance of payments concerns.[38] This resulted in the highly unpopular "Black Budget" of Arnold Nordmeyer, the new Minister of Finance, which raised taxes on alcohol, cigarettes, cars, and petrol.[39] It is widely thought to have doomed the party to defeat despite the economy having rejuvenated less than a year after the Black Budget was adopted.[39] In the 1960 election, the National Party was indeed victorious.


The elderly Nash retired in 1963, suffering from ill health.[40] He was replaced by Nordmeyer, but the taint of the Black Budget ensured that Nordmeyer did not have any appreciable success in reversing the party's fortunes. In 1965, the leadership was assumed by the younger Norman Kirk, who many believed would revitalise the party. Labour was defeated again in the next two elections, but in the 1972 election, the party gained a significant victory.



Third Government (1972–1975) and opposition





New Zealand Labour 1970s–1980s "L" logo


Kirk proved to be an energetic Prime Minister, and introduced a number of new policies. His foreign policy stances included strong criticism of nuclear weapons testing and of South Africa's apartheid system. Kirk's health was poor, however, and was worsened by his refusal to slow the pace of his work. In 1974, Kirk was taken ill and died. He was replaced by Bill Rowling, who did not have the same appeal – in the 1975 election, Labour was defeated by National, which was led by Robert Muldoon.[41]


Rowling remained leader of the Labour Party for some time after his defeat. In the 1978 election and the 1981 election, Labour won a larger share of the vote than National, but failed to win an equivalent number of seats. Rowling himself was compared unfavourably to Muldoon, and did not cope well with Muldoon's aggressive style. Rowling was eventually replaced by David Lange, who the caucus perceived as more charismatic.[42] In the 1984 election, Labour was victorious.



Fourth Government (1984–1990) and opposition




When the Fourth Labour Government came into power it uncovered a fiscal crisis that had been largely hidden by the outgoing Third National Government.[43] Government debt was skyrocketing, due largely to the costs of borrowing to maintain a fixed exchange rate. When the result of the election became clear Lange asked Muldoon to devalue the dollar, which he refused to do, resulting in a constitutional crisis and precipitating some of the changes in the Constitution Act 1986.[44]


The economic policy agenda of the Fourth Labour Government differed significantly from previous Labour governments. The Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, was a supporter of free market theories, and sought to implement sweeping reforms ("Rogernomics") to the economy and tax system.[45][46] This involved floating the New Zealand dollar, cutting government spending, reducing taxes and removing almost all industry subsidies. The government also revolutionised New Zealand's foreign policy, making the country a nuclear-free zone,[47] and effectively leaving the ANZUS alliance. Immigration policy was liberalised and migration from Asia was promoted.[48]


Other Fourth Labour Government innovations included greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi through the Waitangi Tribunal; Homosexual Law Reform, which legalised homosexual relations; and the Bill of Rights Act, which enumerated civil and political rights. Throughout the first term of government, the Cabinet remained largely unified behind the radical financial, economic and social policy reforms that were enacted.[49]


In 1987 Labour won a first-past-the-post election for the last time (the mixed-member proportional system was introduced in 1996). It was not until this second term, which increased Labour's majority and was won mostly on the back of its anti-nuclear stance, that considerable divisions over economic policy began to arise within the Cabinet.[50] Ministers were divided on the extent and pace of further reforms, and there was rebellion among party members and disillusion among Labour voters. The party was also criticised by the Council of Trade Unions. Eventually, a large grouping of Labour members, led by Labour MP Jim Anderton, left to establish the NewLabour Party, forming the basis of the left-wing Alliance.[50][51] At the same time, Douglas was pressing onwards, proposing a flat tax rate. Finally, David Lange forced Douglas to resign, and shortly afterwards resigned himself.[52]


Lange was replaced by Geoffrey Palmer.[52] Palmer, however, was unable to counter widespread discontent among Labour's traditional supporters, and a few months before the 1990 election, Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore. Labour suffered its worst defeat since it first took office in 1935.[51]


Moore was eventually replaced by Helen Clark, who led the party in opposition to the National government of Jim Bolger. During the period in opposition, the party made a measured repudiation of Rogernomics, although it has never returned to its original left-wing stance (its contemporary position is left-of-centre).[4] When the 1996 election, the first conducted under the MMP electoral system, gave the balance of power to the centrist New Zealand First party, many believed that Labour would return to power, but in the end New Zealand First allied itself with the National Party. This coalition was unstable, however, and eventually collapsed, leaving the National Party to govern as a minority government.



Fifth Government (1999–2008) and opposition






Helen Clark, Labour Prime Minister from 1999 to 2008


After the 1999 election, a coalition government of Labour and the Alliance took power, with Helen Clark becoming New Zealand's second female Prime Minister.[53] This government, while undertaking a number of reforms, was not particularly radical when compared to previous Labour governments, and maintained a high level of popularity. The Alliance, however, fell in popularity and split internally, the latter factor being one of the reasons cited by Clark for her calling the 2002 election several months early, which Labour comfortably won.[54]


Policies of the Fifth Labour Government include the KiwiSaver scheme,[55] the Working for Families package, increasing the minimum wage 5% a year, interest-free student loans, creation of District Health Boards, the introduction of a number of tax credits, overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing NCEA, and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave.[56] Labour also supported the Civil Union Act 2004, which legalised civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples.[57]


In early 2004, Labour came under attack for its policies on the foreshore and seabed controversy.[58] There were significant internal tensions within the party, eventually culminating in the resignation of junior minister Tariana Turia and her establishment of the new Māori Party.[59]




Party logo in 2008


Following the 2005 general election, Labour formed a coalition with the Progressive Party (a faction of the old Alliance), and entered into complex confidence and supply agreements with the centrist United Future and New Zealand First parties, which gave both parties' leaders a ministerial portfolio, while remaining outside the Cabinet. A limited support agreement was also made with the Green Party, whereby certain policy concessions were to be made to the Greens in return for abstention on confidence and supply votes. Labour lost power when it was defeated by the National Party in the 2008 general election.




Then-leader Phil Goff with current leader Jacinda Ardern and Carol Beaumont at an anti-mining march in Auckland, 2010


Following the loss to the National Party in the November 2008 election, Helen Clark stood down as leader of the party.[60] She was succeeded by Phil Goff (2008–2011).[61] Labour had a relatively high turnover of four leaders during its most recent term in opposition; this has been attributed in part to changes within public media and the political environment.[62] Goff led Labour into a second electoral defeat in 2011 and was succeeded by David Shearer (2011–2013).[63] Shearer resigned after losing the confidence of caucus. David Cunliffe (2013–2014) was elected in the 2013 leadership election.[64] Cunliffe was disliked by some factions within the Labour caucus but had strong support from the party membership. In the leadership contest he won first-preference votes from only one-third of Labour MPs.[65] Cunliffe resigned following a further election loss in 2014. He was replaced by Andrew Little (2014–2017). Little resigned in 2017 following new polling showing the party sinking to a record low result.[66]Jacinda Ardern (2017–present) was confirmed as the new Labour leader.[66][67]


After Ardern's ascension to the leadership Labour rose dramatically in opinion polls. By late August they had risen to 43% in one poll (having been 24% under Little's leadership), as well as managing to overtake National in opinion polls for the first time in over a decade.[68]



Sixth Government (2017–present)



During the 2017 general election, the Labour Party gained 36.6% of the party vote and increased its presence in the House of Representatives to 46 seats, making it the second largest party in Parliament.[12]


On 19 October 2017, New Zealand First Leader Winston Peters announced that his party would form a coalition government with Labour,[69] citing changing international and internal economic circumstances as the reasoning behind his decision,[70] coupled with a belief that a Labour government was best-placed to handle the social and economic welfare of New Zealanders in a global environment that was undergoing rapid and seismic change.[71] This coalition, combined with confidence and supply from the Green Party,[72] saw Labour return to government for the first time since 2008.


The Labour government has pledged to eliminate child poverty, make tertiary education free, reduce immigration by 20,000–30,000, decriminalise abortion, introduce a water royalty and make all rivers swimmable within 10 years.[71]



Ideology







Labour's 1916 policy objectives called for "the socialisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange", including state ownership of major parts of the economy.[3] Up to the 1980s Labour remained a party that believed in a strong role for governments in economic and social matters. However, it had been transformed from a union-dominated, socialist-oriented movement into a moderate social-democratic party.[2][73] The Labour Government of the 1980s deviated sharply from a social-democratic path; in a series of economic reforms, the government removed a swathe of regulations and subsidies, privatised state assets and introduced corporate practices to state services.[74]


From the 1990s Labour has again aimed to use the power of the state to try to achieve a "fairer and more equal society", based on a mixed economy in which both the state and private enterprise play a part.[3] Subsequently, the party has also been described as embracing certain social liberal policies.[75][76] Academic Peter Aimer summarises, "Labour remains a social democratic party, with a strong strand of pragmatism".[3]



Principles


According to its constitution (amended most recently in 2014), the party accepts "democratic socialist" principles, including:[77]


  • The management of New Zealand's natural resources for the benefit of all, including future generations.

  • Equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political and legal spheres, regardless of wealth or social position.

  • Co-operation as the main governing factor in economic relations, to ensure a just distribution of wealth.

  • Universal rights to dignity, self-respect and the opportunity to work.

  • The right to wealth and property, subject to the provisos of regarding people as always more important than property and the obligations of the state to ensure a just distribution of wealth.

  • Honouring the Treaty of Waitangi as the founding document of New Zealand.

  • The promotion of peace and social justice throughout the world by international co-operation.

  • Equality in human rights regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability.


Voter base


Historically, the party drew upon a stable sectional voter base comprising the urban working class – predominantly manual labourers and trade unionists. From the 1930s onwards, Labour has increasingly positioned itself as a broad-based party by responding and adapting to different social and economic problems and changing demographics (appealing to an expanding migrant population and a diversified ethnic social make-up).[3] Beginning in the 1980s, there was a shift away from class-issues and towards the promotion of individual freedoms, particularly for members of disadvantaged groups such as women and Māori. The modern party's core support base lies among young people, urban workers, civil servants, and minorities (particularly the Māori and Pacific Islander communities[78]).[79]



Organisation



Party structure


General and special branches

Party membership is tied into geographically-based branches in each parliamentary electorate. General branches must consist of at least 10 members aged 15 or over.[80] Members may also form special branches where they have a special community of interest (such as university students and academics, young people, women, Māori people, Pacific Islanders and industrial workers).[80] Influential branches include Princes Street Labour (this university branch is described as the "ideological powerhouse of the party",[81] and has contributed many prominent Labour politicians) and Vic Labour (the Victoria University of Wellington branch).[82]


Labour Party membership, 1917–2002[83]



Full (non-affiliate) membership peaked at 55,000 in 1976. During the 1980s and 1990s party membership plummeted to levels not seen since before the First Labour Government. This decline might be attributed to disillusionment on the part of some members with the economics policies of the Fourth Labour Government ("Rogernomics"). Membership figures began to recover under Helen Clark's leadership, with 14,000 members recorded in 2002.[84]


Conference, councils and committees

Delegates from all branches in the electorate, together with delegates from affiliated unions, make up the Labour Electorate Committee (LEC). The LEC is responsible for party organisation in the electorate.[80] The party is divided into six regional areas, which each year convene a Regional Conference.[85] Policy and other matters are debated and passed onto the Annual Conference.[80]


The Annual Conference is the supreme governing body of the party when it is in session. All constituent bodies of the Party are entitled to send delegates to Annual Conference.[80]


The New Zealand Council is the Labour Party's governing executive.[85] It ensures that the party is governed effectively according to its constitution. The NZ Council consists of the President, two Senior Vice Presidents (one of which must be a Māori), three Vice Presidents (representing Women, Affiliates and Pacific Islands), seven Regional Reps, one Policy Council Rep, three Caucus Reps and the General Secretary.[80]


The Policy Council, responsible for the development of the policy platform and election manifesto,[9] is elected for a three-year term following each general election. The party structure also provides for Special Interest Group Councils: representing the affiliates, women's issues, Māori issues, Pacific Islands, primary industries, local government and youth.[80]


Caucus and parliamentary leadership


Leader Jacinda Ardern with party members at a Labour election campaign event, 2017


The elected members representing the Labour Party in the House of Representatives meet as the Parliamentary Labour Party, generally known as the Caucus. The current parliamentary leader is Jacinda Ardern. A leadership election is triggered upon the vacancy of the position of leader or a motion of no confidence. Candidates are nominated from within the Caucus. Under Labour Party rules, party members have 40% of the votes, MPs have another 40% of the votes, and affiliated unions have 20% of the votes.[80] Some observers have criticised the influence of the unions in leadership elections.[86]



Affiliated trade unions


In the first decades of the 20th century industries grew strongly in New Zealand's main cities and union membership also increased. The Labour Party was formed in this period as the political wing of the labour movement, and was financed by trade unions. Since then, the unions have retained close institutional links with the party. There are currently six unions that are directly affiliated to the party and pay affiliation fees, as well as receiving a percentage of the vote in party leadership elections.[86] These unions are:



  • E tū – created through the merger of the Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union and the Service & Food Workers Union in 2015.[87]


  • Maritime Union of New Zealand (MUNZ)


  • New Zealand Dairy Workers Union (DWU)


  • New Zealand Meat & Related Trades Workers Union (MWU)


  • Rail and Maritime Transport Union (RMTU)


  • Central Amalgamated Workers' Union (CAWU)

In addition, the president of the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions continues to speak at the Labour Party Annual Conference.[88]



Young Labour



Young Labour is the party's youth wing. It exists to organise young members (under 26[89]) and encourage wider involvement of young New Zealanders in centre-left politics. Young Labour is the most active sector in the Labour Party and plays a significant role in policy development and campaign efforts. It is endearingly called the "conscience of the party".[90]



Local government


Labour has many prominent local councillors who ran under the banner of the Labour Party or a local umbrella organisation. In Auckland there is Alf Filipaina of the Manukau ward and Richard Northey (a former MP), formerly of the Maungakiekie-Tamaki ward. Phil Goff, former leader of the Labour Party is the current Mayor of Auckland.[91] Former Mayor Len Brown, despite having a lifelong membership to Labour, ran as an independent in the 2010 and 2013 elections. In Hamilton, former MP for Hamilton West Martin Gallagher was elected to council in 2010.


As of 2018, Auckland Council had four councillors serving under the Labour ticket and one serving under the affiliated City Vision ticket. Overall, the centre-left maintain a majority. In addition, there are 26 elected Labour Party community board members across Auckland, while City Vision holds 15 seats.


In New Plymouth former MP Harry Duynhoven served as mayor from 2010–2013 where upon he was voted out of office. Lianne Dalziel was elected to be Mayor of Christchurch in the 2013 local body elections succeeding Sir Bob Parker, and former Rotorua electorate then list MP Steve Chadwick, was elected as Mayor of Rotorua in the 2013 elections, Both Dalziel and Chadwick ran however as independents.


In Christchurch Labour maintains an umbrella including community independents called The People's Choice (formerly Christchurch 2021). Labour candidates stand as 'The People's Choice (Labour)' and hold 11 community board seats, seven council seats, and several community board chairmanships.


Wellington has three Labour Party councillors: Brian Dawson – Lambton Ward councillor, Fleur Fitzsimons – Southern Ward councillor and Peter Gilberd – Northern Ward Councillor. Justin Lester is the current Mayor of Wellington who ran on a Labour Party ticket. There are many more local councillors in the Wellington region who are Labour Party members, but do not run as endorsed candidates of the party.


Chris Laidlaw, the chair of the Greater Wellington regional council is a former Labour MP. Daran Ponter of the Wellington City ward is the only councillor to have been elected on a Labour ticket, although other councillors such as Paul Swain and Penny Gaylor have a history with the party.


While the Labour Party has not recently contested the local body elections in Dunedin, the city councillor and former Labour MP David Benson-Pope announced on 26 February 2016 that he would be contesting the Dunedin local elections in October under the "Local Labour" ticket. While still a Labour Party member, Benson Pope had stood in the 2013 local elections as an independent candidate. This report coincided with the dissolution of the city's main local body ticket, the centre-left Greater Dunedin group.[92] On 20 April, it was reported that the Labour Party had dropped its plan to field a bloc of candidates in the 2016 Dunedin elections. However, the Party has not ruled out endorsing other candidates.[93]


In Palmerston North councillor Lorna Johnson is the sole representative to have been elected to the city council on a Labour ticket. However, there are several other councilors who are, or have been, members of the Labour Party who serve as independents.


In Whanganui the town's mayor, Hamish McDouall is a Labour member and previously contested the seat of Whanganui for the party. McDouall ran on an independent ticket.


In addition, there are many others councillors in almost all areas of New Zealand that are members or have previously had connections with the Labour Party, but have instead contested local elections as independents.



Electoral results



Parliamentary


1919–1993[94]



MMP era, 1996–present[95][96][97][98][99]


























































































































































Election# of party votes% of party vote# of seats
won
Government/opposition?

1919
131,40224.2

8 / 80

Opposition

1922
150,44823.70

17 / 80



1925
184,65027.20

12 / 80



1928
198,09226.19

19 / 80


Coalition with United

1931
244,88134.27

24 / 80

Opposition

1935
434,36846.17

53 / 80


Government

Two-party system era

1938
528,29055.82

53 / 80


Government

1943
522,18947.6

45 / 80



1946
536,99451.28

42 / 80



1949
506,07347.16

34 / 80

Opposition

1951
473,14645.8

30 / 80



1954
481,63144.1

35 / 80



1957
531,74048.3

41 / 80


Government

1960
420,08443.4

34 / 80

Opposition

1963
383,20543.7

35 / 80



1966
382,75641.4

35 / 80



1969
464,34644.2

39 / 84



1972
677,66948.37

55 / 87


Government

1975
634,45339.56

32 / 87

Opposition

1978
691,07640.41

40 / 92



1981
702,63039.01

43 / 91



1984
829,15442.98

56 / 95


Government

1987
878,44847.96

57 / 97



1990
640,91535.14

29 / 97

Opposition

1993
666,75934.68

45 / 99



Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) era

1996
584,15928.19

37 / 120

Opposition

1999
800,19938.74

49 / 120


Government (coalition)

2002
838,21941.26

52 / 120



2005
935,31941.10

50 / 121



2008
796,88033.99

43 / 122

Opposition

2011
614,93627.48

34 / 121



2014
604,53425.13

32 / 121



2017
956,18436.89

46 / 120


Government (coalition)
Labour did not stand candidates in every electorate until 1946, when it stood candidates in all 80 electorates. According to the National Executive reports,[100] the number of official candidates in 1919 is uncertain (53 or possibly 46). The number of candidates was 41, 1922; 56, 1925; 55, 1928; 53, 1931; 70, 1935; 78, 1938 and 77, 1943. Labour did not run against independent candidates who voted with Labour; Harry Atmore in Nelson and David McDougall in Mataura, Southland. Labour did not run candidates against the two Country Party candidates in 1935; but did in 1938, when both candidates were defeated.


Auckland local government








































Election
Candidates nominated
Seats won
Local Board Candidates
Council Candidates
Health Board Candidates
Licensing trust Candidates
Local Board Seats
Council Seats
Health Board Seats
Licensing trust Seats

2010
17/149
3/20
0/21
6/41


12 / 149




2 / 20




0 / 21




6 / 41



2013
27/149
4/20
2/21
8/35


20 / 149




2 / 20




1 / 21




7 / 35



2016
46/149
7/20
9/21
9/35


26 / 149




3 / 20




2 / 21




9 / 35



Leadership



The Labour Party has had seventeen leaders – ten of whom have served as Prime Minister. Helen Clark is the longest serving leader of the Labour Party. While some dispute exists as to when Harry Holland officially became leader, by 26 October 2008 Clark had passed his longest possible leadership term.[101]



List of leaders


The following is a complete list of Labour Party leaders in the House of Representatives:


Key:
  Labour
  Reform
  United
  National
PM: Prime Minister
LO: Leader of the Opposition

†: Died in office































































































































































































No.
Leader
Portrait
Term of Office
Position
Prime Minister

1

Alfred Hindmarsh

Alfred Hindmarsh.jpg
7 July 1916
13 November 1918†



Massey

2

Harry Holland

Harry Holland (1925).jpg
27 August 1919
8 October 1933†




Bell

LO 1926–1928



Coates
Junior coalition partner
1928–1931


Ward

LO 1931–1933



Forbes

3

Michael Joseph Savage

Michael Joseph Savage Portrait.jpg
12 October 1933
27 March 1940†

LO 1933–1935


PM 1935–1940



Savage

4

Peter Fraser

Peter Fraser.jpg
1 April 1940
12 December 1950†

PM 1940–1949



Fraser

LO 1949–1950



Holland

5

Walter Nash

Walter Nash (ca 1940s).jpg
December 1950
31 March 1963

LO 1951–1957




Holyoake

PM 1957–1960



Nash

LO 1960–1963



Holyoake

6

Arnold Nordmeyer

Arnold Nordmeyer (1950).jpg
1 April 1963
16 December 1965

LO 1963–1965


7

Norman Kirk

Norman Kirk Portrait.jpg
16 December 1965
31 August 1974†

LO 1965–1972




Marshall

PM 1972–1974



Kirk

8

Bill Rowling

Bill Rowling, 1962.jpg
6 September 1974
3 February 1983

PM 1974–1975



Rowling

LO 1975–1983



Muldoon

9

David Lange

David Lange (cropped).jpg
3 February 1983
8 August 1989

LO 1983–1984


PM 1984–1989



Lange

10

Geoffrey Palmer

Geoffrey Palmer.jpg
8 August 1989
4 September 1990

PM 1989–1990



Palmer

11

Mike Moore

Mike Moore.jpg
4 September 1990
1 December 1993

PM 1990



Moore

LO 1990–1993



Bolger

12

Helen Clark

Helen Clark UNDP 2010.jpg
1 December 1993
19 November 2008

LO 1993–1999




Shipley

PM 1999–2008



Clark

13

Phil Goff

Phil Goff at Maungaraki School.jpg
19 November 2008
13 December 2011

LO 2008–2011



Key

14

David Shearer

David Shearer.jpg
13 December 2011
15 September 2013

LO 2011–2013


15

David Cunliffe

David Cunliffe, 2008.jpg
15 September 2013
30 September 2014

LO 2013–2014


16

Andrew Little

Andrew Little, 2017.jpg
18 November 2014
1 August 2017

LO 2014–2017



English

17

Jacinda Ardern

Jacinda Ardern, 2018.jpg
1 August 2017
Incumbent

LO 2017


PM 2017–present



Ardern


List of deputy leaders


The following is a complete list of Labour Party deputy leaders:






























































No.
Deputy leader
Term
1James McCombs1919–1923
2Michael Joseph Savage1923–1933
3Peter Fraser1933–1940
4Walter Nash1940–1950
5Jerry Skinner1951–1962
6Fred Hackett1962–1963
7Hugh Watt1963–1974
8Bob Tizard1974–1979
9David Lange1979–1983
10Geoffrey Palmer1983–1989
11Helen Clark1989–1993
12David Caygill1993–1996
13Michael Cullen1996–2008
14Annette King2008–2011
15Grant Robertson2011–2013
16David Parker2013–2014
14Annette King2014–2017
17Jacinda Ardern2017
18Kelvin Davis2017–present


List of presidents


The following is a complete list of Labour Party presidents:[102]














































































































No.
President
Term
1James McCombs1916–1917[103]
2Andrew Walker1917–1918 [104]
3Tom Paul1918–1920[105]
4Peter Fraser1920–1921
5Frederick Cooke1921–1922
6Tom Brindle1922–1926
7Bob Semple1926–1928
8John Archer1928–1929
9Jim Thorn1929–1931[106]
10Rex Mason1931–1932
11Bill Jordan1932–1933
12Frank Langstone1933–1934
13Tim Armstrong1934–1935
14Walter Nash1935–1936
15Clyde Carr1936–1937
16James Roberts1937–1950[107]
17Arnold Nordmeyer1950–1955
18Michael Moohan1955–1960
19Martyn Finlay1960–1964
20Norman Kirk1964–1966
21Norman Douglas1966–1970
22Bill Rowling1970–1972
23Charles Bennett1972–1976[108]
24Arthur Faulkner1976–1978
25Jim Anderton1979–1984
26Margaret Wilson1984–1987
27Rex Jones1987–1988[109]
28Ruth Dyson1988–1993
29Maryan Street1993–1995
30Michael Hirschfeld1995–1999
31Bob Harvey1999–2000
32Mike Williams2000–2009
33Andrew Little2009–2011
34Moira Coatsworth2011–2015
35Nigel Haworth2015–present


See also



  • List of New Zealand Labour Party MPs


  • City Vision, a prominent Auckland City political ticket composed of NZ Labour, Green Party and Alliance members.


  • List of New Zealand ministries (governments)

  • Politics of New Zealand

  • List of Labour parties


Notes




  1. ^ ab "Party Information". New Zealand Labour Party. Retrieved 4 February 2017. 


  2. ^ abc Clive Bean (2009). "New Zealand". In Mark N. Franklin; Thomas T. Mackie; Henry Valen. Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. ECPR Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-9558203-1-1. 


  3. ^ abcdef Aimer, Peter. "Labour Party: Ideology and the role of unions". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 December 2016. 


  4. ^ abc Boston, Jonathan (2003). New Zealand Votes: The General Election of 2002. Victoria University Press. 


  5. ^ Papillon, Martin; Turgeon, Luc; Wallner, Jennifer; White, Stephen (2014). Comparing Canada: Methods and Perspectives on Canadian Politics. UBC Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780774827867. Retrieved 30 August 2016. ...in New Zealand politics, by the centre-left Labour Party and the centre-right National Party 


  6. ^ ab "Participants". Progressive Alliance. Retrieved 4 February 2017. 


  7. ^ Jones, Nicholas (4 August 2017). "Let's do this: Jacinda Ardern unveils new Labour slogan". The New Zealand Herald. 


  8. ^ "Ngā Rōpū Pāremata" (in Maori). New Zealand Parliament Pāremata Aotearoa. Retrieved 5 May 2017. 


  9. ^ ab "New Zealand Labour Party Policy Platform" (PDF). New Zealand Labour Party. March 2016. p. 5. Retrieved 13 June 2017. The Labour Party’s values are based on our founding principle of Democratic Socialism. 


  10. ^ ab "New Zealand Labour Party founded". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017. 


  11. ^ Miller 2005, pp. 32–33.


  12. ^ ab "2017 General Election - Official Result". New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 October 2017. 


  13. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. ix.


  14. ^ "Returning to Labour's Roots". New Zealand Labour Party. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


  15. ^ "History of the Labour Party: The labour movement in New Zealand". New Zealand Labour Party. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


  16. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. 13.


  17. ^ Gustafson 1980, pp. 13f.


  18. ^ Gustafson 1980, pp. 17f.


  19. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 216.


  20. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. 19.


  21. ^ abc McLintock, A. H., ed. (22 April 2009) [First published in 1966]. "Labour Party". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 15 July 2015. 


  22. ^ ab "'Black Tuesday' - The 1912 Waihi strike". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


  23. ^ "A Separate Identity". Sun. II (438). 6 July 1915. p. 11. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 


  24. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 70–1.


  25. ^ Miller 2005, p. 30.


  26. ^ abc Derby, Mark (20 June 2012). "Conscription, conscientious objection and pacifism - Conscription". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


  27. ^ Lipson 2011, p. 211.


  28. ^ Gustafson 1980, pp. 18.


  29. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 79.


  30. ^ Aimer, Peter (20 June 2012). "Labour Party - First Labour government, 1935 to 1949". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


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  32. ^ "Michael Joseph Savage". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


  33. ^ "Rātana and Labour seal alliance – 22 April 1936". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


  34. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 100.


  35. ^ "John A Lee". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


  36. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 133.


  37. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 136.


  38. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 152.


  39. ^ ab Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 154.


  40. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 160.


  41. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 184.


  42. ^ "Wallace Rowling". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2017. 


  43. ^ Miller 2005, pp. 38–39.


  44. ^ "Patriated - History of the Governor-General". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 


  45. ^ Gray, Tim; Reardon, John (2007). "About Turn: An Analysis of the Causes of the New Zealand Labour Party's Adoption of Neo-Liberal Policies 1984–1990" (PDF). Political Quarterly. 78 (3): 447 455. 


  46. ^ Brian Easton, ed., The Making of Rogernomics (Auckland University Press, 1989)


  47. ^ Lange, David (1990). Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way. New Zealand: Penguin Books. 


  48. ^ Brawley, Sean (1993). "'No White Policy in NZ': Fact and Fiction in New Zealand's Asian Immigration Record, 1946-1978" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of History. 27 (1): 33–36. 


  49. ^ Holland-Boston 1988, p. ?.


  50. ^ ab Miller 2005, p. 40.


  51. ^ ab Vowles, Jack (2013). Voters' Vengeance: 1990 Election in New Zealand and the Fate of the Fourth Labour Government. Auckland University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781869407124. 


  52. ^ ab Hubbard, Anthony (23 November 2013). "The Reluctant Prime Minister". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 24 December 2017. 


  53. ^ "Helen Clark". nzhistory.govt.nz. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 


  54. ^ Geddis, Andrew (2004). "The General Election in New Zealand, July 2002". Electoral Studies 23. 1: 149, 155 – via Science Direct. 


  55. ^ "KiwiSaver Act 2006 No 40 (as at 01 April 2017), Public Act Contents". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 13 June 2017. 


  56. ^ "Historical Dictionary of Polynesia". google.co.uk. 


  57. ^ "Civil Union Bill — Procedure, Third Reading". New Zealand Parliament. 9 December 2004. Retrieved 13 June 2017. 


  58. ^ Barker, Fiona (June 2012). "Debate about the foreshore and seabed". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 June 2017. 


  59. ^ Dunne, Peter (18 January 2010). "What to do about that foreshore and seabed?". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 13 June 2017. 


  60. ^ "Clark stands down after Key wins NZ election". The New Zealand Herald. 8 November 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008. 


  61. ^ "Goff resignation sparks leader race". The New Zealand Herald. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011. 


  62. ^ Hager, Nicky, (2014) 'Dirty Politics: How Attack Politics in Poisoning New Zealand's Political Environment', Nelson: Craig Potton Publishing


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  64. ^ "Cunliffe wins Labour leadership". Stuff.co.nz. 15 September 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013. 


  65. ^ Solutions, EIU Digital (17 September 2013). "New Labour leader chosen". country.eiu.com. Retrieved 4 September 2016. 


  66. ^ ab Watkins, Tracy (1 August 2017). "Jacinda Ardern new Labour leader as Andrew Little quits". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 


  67. ^ Graham, Charlotte (31 July 2017). "Jacinda Ardern Takes Over New Zealand Opposition as Election Looms". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 


  68. ^ "Little asked Ardern to lead six days before he resigned". The New Zealand Herald. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017. 


  69. ^ "Labour finally retake power after Winston Peters gives Jacinda Ardern his support". Stuff.co.nz. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017. 


  70. ^ "Winston Peters on why he chose a Labour-led government". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 20 October 2017. 


  71. ^ ab Roy, Eleanor Ainge. "Jacinda Ardern to be New Zealand's next PM after Labour coalition deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2017. 


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  73. ^ Rodney Smith; Ariadne Vromen; Ian Cook (2006). Keywords in Australian Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-521-67283-2. 


  74. ^ "Labour Party: Fourth and fifth Labour governments". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 December 2016. 


  75. ^ Scott, Michael (2016). Making New Zealand's Pop Renaissance: State, Markets, Musicians. Routledge. pp. 34, 56. 


  76. ^ Vowles, Jack (1997). Political Science. 49-50. p. 98. 


  77. ^ "Labour: Constitution and Rules" (PDF). NZ Labour Party. 2014. p. 4. Retrieved 11 June 2014. The Party accepts the following democratic socialist principles –
    g. All political authority comes from the people by democratic means, including universal suffrage, regular and free elections with a secret ballot.
    h. The natural resources of New Zealand belong to all the people and these resources, and in particular non-renewable resources, should be managed for the benefit of all, including future generations.
    i. All people should have equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political and legal spheres, regardless of wealth or social position, and continuing participation in the democratic process.
    j. Co-operation, rather than competition, should be the main governing factor in economic relations, in order that a greater amount and a just distribution of wealth can be ensured.
    k. All people are entitled to dignity, self-respect and the opportunity to work.
    l. All people, either individually or in groups, may own wealth or property for their own use, but in any conflict of interest people are always more important than property, and the state must ensure a just distribution of wealth.
    m. Te Tiriti o Waitangi/The Treaty of Waitangi is the founding document of New Zealand, and that the Treaty should be honoured in the Party, government, society and the whanau.
    n. Peace and social justice should be promoted throughout the world by international co-operation and mutual respect.
    o. The same basic human rights, protected by the State, apply to all people, regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability.
     



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  79. ^ Vowles, Jack (2013). Towards Consensus?: The 1993 Election and Referendum in New Zealand and the Transition to Proportional Representation. Auckland University Press. pp. 20–23. ISBN 9781869407162. 


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  100. ^ Brown 1962, p. 225.


  101. ^ Audrey Young (12 February 2008). "Clark beats record of longest-serving Labour leader – probably". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 February 2008. 


  102. ^ Brown 1962, p. 224.


  103. ^ Garner, Jean. "McCombs, James". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 28 January 2011. 


  104. ^ Gustafson 1980, pp. 168–169.


  105. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. 164.


  106. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. 168.


  107. ^ Green, Anna. "Roberts, James". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 6 May 2013. 


  108. ^ Ballara, Angela. "Charles Moihi Te Arawaka Bennett". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 


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References



  • Franks, Peter; McAloon, Jim (2016). Labour: The New Zealand Labour Party 1916–2016. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-1-77656-074-5. 


  • Bassett, Michael (1976). The Third Labour Government: A Personal History. Dunmore Press. 


  • Brown, Bruce (1962). The Rise of New Zealand Labour: A history of the New Zealand Labour Party. Wellington: Price Milburn. 


  • Gustafson, Barry (1980). Labour's path to political independence: The Origins and Establishment of the New Zealand Labour Party, 1900–19. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press. ISBN 0-19-647986-X. 


  • Gustafson, Barry (1986). From the Cradle to the Grave: A biography of Michael Joseph Savage. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00138-5.  (with Biographical appendix)


  • Holland, Martin; Boston, Jonathan, eds. (1988). The Fourth Labour Government: Politics and Policy in New Zealand. Oxford University Press. 


  • Lipson, Leslie (2011) [1948]. The Politics of Equality: New Zealand’s Adventures in Democracy. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0-86473-646-8. 


  • Miller, Raymond (2005). Party Politics in New Zealand. Australia: Oxford University Press. 


  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103. 


External links




  • Official website

  • Official web site for City Vision – the Auckland Local Government Group that includes Labour candidates






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